Introduction to Psychology PSYC-6101 exam answers

_____ is a heightened awareness of the present moment, which can be applied to events in one’s environment and events in one’s own mind.

Mindfulness Correct

_______ pertains to the ability to grapple with the big questions of human existence, such as meaning of life and death, with special sensitivity to issues of spirituality.

Existentialist Correct

_________ emphasizes that personality is primarily unconscious or is beyond awareness, thus enduring patterns that make up personality are largely unavailable to out conscious awareness and they powerfully shape our behaviors.

Psychodynamic Perspective Correct

_________ is a method of measuring personality characteristics that directly asks people whether specific items describe their personality traits.

Objective Test Correct

_________ is a pattern of enduring, distinctive thoughts and emotions, and behaviors that characterize the way an individual adapts to the world.

Personality Correct

___________ is defined as the minimum intensity of a stimulus that can be detected 50% of the time.

Absolute Threshold Correct

___________ memory is the conscious recollection of information such as specific facts and events and at least in humans, information that can be verbally communicated.

declarative Correct

____________ produces mild hallucinations as well as physiological arousal and sometimes called the “love drug” because it produces feelings of euphoria, warmth, and connectedness with others.

Ecstasy Correct

_____________ in depth perception require both eyes to allow us to perceive depth.

Binocular Cues Correct

_____________ includes automatic processing that requires little attention?

Lower-Level Consciousness Correct

_____________ occurs when someone is either physically or psychologically reliant on a drug’s effect.

Substance dependence Correct

A biological theory of aging that argues that aging in the body's hormonal system can lower resistance to stress and increase the likelihood of the disease.

Hormonal Stress Theory Correct

A classic research by Yerkes and Dodson which states that we function in accordance to a certain level.

Optimal Arousal Model Correct

A condition when individual forgets something because it is so painful or anxiety laden that remembering is intolerable

Motivated Forgetting Correct

A defense mechanism that is a special form of displacement in which the person expresses an unconscious wish in a socially valued way.

Sublimation Correct

A defense mechanism wherein stress is reduced by returning to an earlier pattern of behavior.

Regression Correct

A defense mechanism wherein the emotional nature of stressful events is lessened at times by reducing it with the help of logic.

Intellectualization Correct

A disorder that involves a sudden loss of memory or change of identity.

Dissociative disorders Correct

A factor of personality characterized by being more likely than others to engage in social activities, experience gratitude, strong sense of meaning in life, and are more forgiving.

Extraversion Correct

A form of learning in which the consequences of behavior lead to changes in the probability of its occurrence.

Operant conditioning Correct

A form of mental training that can be used to calm the mind, stabilize concentration, or enhance awareness of the present moment.

Meditation Correct

A form of psychotherapy that focuses on the accurate identification and communication of feelings and the improvement of current social relationships

Interpersonal Psychotherapy Correct

A kind of conflict that requires the individual to choose between alternatives that contain both positive and negative consequences.

Multiple approach-avoidance conflict Correct

A method developed by Freud in which the symbols of the manifest content of dreams that are recalled by the patient are interpreted to reveal their latent content.

. Dream Interpretation Correct

A normal physical response to events that make you feel threatened or upset your balance in some way. This results from appraisal of demands of a situation as exceeding our ability to cope with or manage those demands.

Stress Correct

A part of the inner ear that is characterized as a coiled, fluid-filled tube about 1.4 inches long that resembles a snail. This is where the sound waves are turned into neutral impulses

Cochlea Correct

A preexisting mental concept or framework that helps people to organize and interpret information.

Schema Correct

A psychoactive drug that stimulates the brain by blocking neurotransmitters that slow down our nervous system and cause sleep.

caffeine Correct

A response is an organism's reaction to a stimulus.

True Correct

A sleep disorder in which a person falls asleep during alert times of the day.

Narcolepsy Correct

A sleep disorder in which a person stops breathing while asleep.

Sleep Apnea Correct

A term in classical conditioning wherein a response is elicited by the conditioned stimulus.The shape of the lens of the eye must change to focus the visual image on the retina from stimuli that are different distances from the eye.

Accommodation Correct

A theoretical approach to psychological disorders that implies that these are influenced by biological factors such as genes, psychological factors such as childhood experiences and sociocultural factors such as gender.

Biopsychosocial model Correct

A theory of dreaming that rests on the idea that dreams are essentially subconscious cognitive processing.

Cognitive Correct

A tool used by Freud in which the patient is encouraged to talk about whatever comes to mind, allowing contents of the unconscious mind to slip past the censorship of the ego.

Free Association Correct

A type of effortful retrieval that occurs when we are confident that we know something but cannot quite pull it out of memory.

Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon Correct

A type of reinforcement that is learned by association, usually via classical conditioning like money, grades, and peer approval.

Secondary reinforcers Correct

A type of reinforcement that is learned by association, usually via classical conditioning like money, grades, and peer approval.Things that are close together are usually perceived as belonging together.

Proximity Correct

According ___________self-actualization is the motivation to develop one’s full potential as human being. A person at this optimal level of existence would be tolerant of others, have a gentle sense of humor, and be likely to pursue the greater good.

Abraham Maslow Correct

According to _____________, pitch perception occurs when the brain notices which portions of the basilar membrane are being most excited by incoming sound waves.

Place Theory Correct

According to Freud, the surface content of a dream, containing dream symbols that disguise the dream’s true meaning

Manifest Content Correct

According to Freud, this refers to the dream’s hidden content; it unconscious and true meaning.

Latent Content Correct

According to_____________, the amount of the change in a stimulus needed to be detected half the time is in direct proportion to the intensity of the original stimulus.

Weber’s law Correct

American Psychologists Martin Seligman and Ed Diener introduced behaviorism.

False - Positive psychology Correct

An American psychologist who formulated the “law of effect”.

Edward Thorndike Correct

An eclectic approach integrates or combines several perspectives to provide a more complete picture of behavior

True Correct

An example of concept is __________________.

A vegetable Correct

Any changeable phenomenon that a scientist studies is called ______________.

Variable Correct

Any form of patient opposition to the process of psychoanalysis.

Interpretation of Resistance Correct

are culturally determined guidelines that tell people what behavior is expected of them

Social roles Correct

At this stage (2 – 7 years), the child is capable of symbolic thought – however, this thinking is still quite different from that of adults. It is often “illogical” in ways that reveal the unique nature of preoperational cognition

Preoperational Stage Correct

behavior interferes with everyday functioning and occasionally can be a risk to oneself or others.

Dysfunctional Correct

behavior leads to real discomfort or anguish, either in the person directly or in others

Distressing Correct

Categories by which the mind groups things, events, and characteristics are called_____.

Concepts Correct

Clinical psychology applies findings in all areas of psychology in the workplace.

False Correct

Clinicalpsychology applies findings in all areas of psychology in the workplace.

Industrial and Organization Correct

Closer objects tend to be partially in front of, or partially cover up, more distant objects.

Superposition Correct

Community psychology is concerned with providing accessible care for people with psychological problems. Community-based mental health centers are one means of delivering such services as outreach programs.

True Correct

Cones are concentrated in the ___________.

Fovea Correct

Conflict in which achieving a positive goal will produce a negative outcome as well.

. Approach-avoidance conflict Correct

Conflict in which an individual must choose between two negative outcomes of approximately equal value.

Avoidance-avoidance conflict Correct

Conflict in which the individual must choose between two positive goals of approximately equal value

. Approach-approach conflict Correct

Conflicts over dangerous motives or feelings are avoided by unconsciously transforming them into the opposite desire

Reaction formation Correct

Critical thinking involves two mental habits such as _______and ______.

Mindfulness and open-mindedness Correct

Darwin’s theory speculated that certain behaviors or traits that enhance survival are naturally selected.

True Correct

Deductive reasoning starts at _________and goes to _____________.

The general; the specific Correct

drugs act on the nervous system to alter consciousness, modify perceptions and alter mood.

Psychoactive Correct

Environmental psychology explores the effects of physical settings in most major areas of psychology including perception, cognition, learning, and others.

True Correct

Environmentalpsychology explores the effects of physical settings in most major areas of psychology including perception, cognition, learning, and others. This coordinates information between the left and right hemispheres of the brain.

corpus callosum Correct

Erikson’s psychosocial stage when a child Learns to meet the demands imposed by school and home responsibilities; or comes to believe that he or she is inferior to others.

Industry vs. Inferiority Correct

Forensic psychology applies psychology to the legal system. Forensic psychologists might help with jury selection or provide expert testimonies in trials

True Correct

Gestalt is any object or event that is perceived by our senses.

False Correct

He/She believed that the need for security, not for sex, is the prime motive of human existence

Karen Horney Correct

He/She believed that we are all born with the raw ingredients of a fulfilling life – we simply need the right condition to thrive. Each person is born with natural capacities for growth and fulfillment.

Carl Rogers Correct

He/She concluded that archetypes emerge in art, literature, religion and dreams.

Carl Jung Correct

Introduction to Psychology

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